Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Strain-dependent disease progression and necrotizing granuloma formation in a murine model induced by virulent strains of Mycobacterium avium complex

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03128-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment of MAC-infected mice. BALB/c mice were infected with the FKJ-1 or FKJ-8 strains via aerosol exposure. At 4 weeks p.i., the infected mice were treated with a combination of rifampicin (10 mg/kg/mouse), ethambutol (100 mg/kg/mouse), and clarithromycin (100 mg/kg/mouse), administered 5 days per week for 4 weeks. At each time point, the mean ± SD of the CFU counts from six mice is shown. The Tukey–Kramer post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Adjp at 4 and 8 weeks were compared and indicated on the graphs (*adjp < 0 −7 ; n.s., not significant). Findings of additional statistical comparisons are presented in . The data are representative of two independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry.

Techniques: Infection, Aerosol

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Combination antibiotic therapy is required to eliminate Bartonella henselae in multiple microenvironments

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1726180

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for extracellular B. henselae . Monotherapies of doxycycline, gentamicin, azithromycin, azlocillin, rifampin, and clarithromycin were tested against extracellular B. henselae grown in either Grace’s (A) or Schneiders (B) Media. Concentrations of antibiotics shown on the y-axis represent the upper limit of the range in which bacterial growth was no longer detected through absorbance value determinations. These experiments were repeated three times and values for each test are represented by one symbol. The starting inoculation dose and antibiotic-free control for each assay was approximately the same for each replicate ( , ).

Article Snippet: The following antibiotics were used in these assays: doxycycline (Sigma, D9891-1G) gentamicin (FisherSci, BP918-1) azithromycin (TCI, 117772-70-0), azlocillin (provided by Flightpath Biosciences, Inc.), rifampin (Acros, 45562), and clarithromycin (Acros, 45522).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Combination antibiotic therapy is required to eliminate Bartonella henselae in multiple microenvironments

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1726180

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination therapy against extracellular B. henselae grown in Schneider’s Media. Dual combination therapy against extracellular B. henselae grown in Schneider’s Media yielded countable results in 9 different combinations at various concentrations: (A) Doxycycline and gentamicin, (B) doxycycline and azlocillin, (C) doxycycline and azithromycin, (D) doxycycline and rifampin, (E) azithromycin and azlocillin, (F) azlocillin and rifampin, (G) azlocillin and clarithromycin, (H) gentamicin and azlocillin, (I) gentamicin and clarithromycin, and (J) gentamicin and rifampin. Concentrations of antibiotics were a 1:1 ratio of the concentration listed on the x-axis. Effective bactericidal activity is shown as significant p -values generated from Kruskal-Wallace tests with Dunn’s corrections for multiple comparisons and show comparison between the saline control group and the respective concentration. Concentrations of 0.05 μg/mL not listed (A,B,J) are indicative of results that were unable to be enumerated. The inoculation dose and the saline controls are represented in (K) , with the dotted line on the graph representing the target inoculation dose.

Article Snippet: The following antibiotics were used in these assays: doxycycline (Sigma, D9891-1G) gentamicin (FisherSci, BP918-1) azithromycin (TCI, 117772-70-0), azlocillin (provided by Flightpath Biosciences, Inc.), rifampin (Acros, 45562), and clarithromycin (Acros, 45522).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Activity Assay, Generated, Comparison, Saline, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Combination antibiotic therapy is required to eliminate Bartonella henselae in multiple microenvironments

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1726180

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination therapy against extracellular B. henselae grown in Grace’s Media: (A) Doxycycline and gentamicin, (B) doxycycline and azlocillin, (C) doxycycline and rifampin, (D) azithromycin and azlocillin, (E) azithromycin and clarithromycin, (F) azithromycin and rifampin, (G) azlocillin and rifampin, (H) azlocillin and clarithromycin, (I) rifampin and clarithromycin, (J) gentamicin and azlocillin, (K) gentamicin and clarithromycin, and (L) gentamicin and rifampin. A total of 12 different dual therapies yielded countable reductions in B. henselae burden when grown extracellularly in Grace’s Media. Concentrations of antibiotics were a 1:1 ratio of the concentration listed on the x-axis. Specific combinations and concentrations are indicated by a statistically significant reduction in bacteria compared to saline controls. P -values shown are generated from Kruskal-Wallace tests with Dunn’s corrections for multiple comparisons and show comparison between the saline control group and the respective concentration that produced a value less than p = 0.05. Concentrations not listed from the x-axes in (A–C,F,G) indicate that those concentrations yielded agar plates which could not be enumerated. The bacterial counts for the starting dose of B. henselae and the saline treated group are shown in (M) .

Article Snippet: The following antibiotics were used in these assays: doxycycline (Sigma, D9891-1G) gentamicin (FisherSci, BP918-1) azithromycin (TCI, 117772-70-0), azlocillin (provided by Flightpath Biosciences, Inc.), rifampin (Acros, 45562), and clarithromycin (Acros, 45522).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Bacteria, Saline, Generated, Comparison, Control, Produced

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Combination antibiotic therapy is required to eliminate Bartonella henselae in multiple microenvironments

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1726180

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bactericidal activity of dual antibiotic therapy in B. henselae -infected DH82 cells. Antibiotic combinations that were effective against extracellular B. henselae in both medias were examined for bacterial killing of B. henselae inside DH82 canine macrophages. Of the 8 combinations used, only gentamicin in combination with azlocillin (A) or rifampin (B) or azlocillin and rifampin (C) were able to significantly reduce intracellular B. henselae at any concentration tested. The other following combinations are shown: (D) doxycycline and azlocillin, (E) doxycycline and rifampin, (F) gentamicin and clarithromycin, (G) azithromycin and azlocillin, and (H) azlocillin and clarithromycin. Lower concentrations of antibiotics yielded plates with bacteria that were too numerous to count (TNTC) for many combinations, so these bars have been excluded from the figure. Successful bacterial reduction was determined as a statistically significant reduction in bacterial counts of that particular condition compared to the saline controls. P -values were generated using the Kruskall-Wallace test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons.

Article Snippet: The following antibiotics were used in these assays: doxycycline (Sigma, D9891-1G) gentamicin (FisherSci, BP918-1) azithromycin (TCI, 117772-70-0), azlocillin (provided by Flightpath Biosciences, Inc.), rifampin (Acros, 45562), and clarithromycin (Acros, 45522).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Infection, Concentration Assay, Bacteria, Saline, Generated